Compras e historias en Itchan Kala
- ¿No cree que si le hacemos un regalo al juez la cosa puede cambiar?
En otro momento un vendedor de otra tienda me preguntó si era iraní. Le dije que era español pero el insistió si no era, al menos, de familia iraní. Me insistió en el tema muy convencido de que le recordaba a un iraní. Por algún motivo me gustó eso. Sentir que puedo parecer un persa es un elogio y un sentimiento de orgullo para mí. Pero pensé que quizá mi vínculo con Portugal tenía una conexión con la sensibilidad iraní. En la época musulmana estuvo poblada por muchas comunidades chiitas. Puede ser coincidencia pero el santuario de Fátima está rodeado de poblaciones que fueron musulmanas incluida la misma Fátima, por supuesto. Hay algo entre judaico y musulmán en Portugal que me recuerda cierta manera de la sensibilidad de la taqiya (ocultación de las verdaderas creencias). Y luego está toda la sensibilidad poética.
Compré algunos azulejos a este hombre pero no mucho. Uno tiene que ver el peso que va a llevar en la maleta. Uno con el nombre de Allah en azul como aparece en la foto.
Continuamos entre los tenderetes mirando, comprando algún detalle y regateando, por supuesto. Armando era un experto. Yo casi me avergonzaba de como era inflexible ante ciertas situaciones pero se debía a mi inexperiencia seguramente. Tengo que aprender a ser un duro negociador. Esa es la verdad. Me queda mucho por delante. Pero en Bujará tendré ocasión de aventajarme como discípulo.
También visitamos un museo local donde se encontraban recogidos los recuerdos de figuras importantes del siglo XIX. Desde Firuz, el gobernante-poeta de finales del Siglo XIX, uno de los últimos Janes del Janato de Jiva hasta otros poetas, políticos y escritores, maestros religiosos, juristas.
“Los poetas que, junto con Muhammad Rahim Khan II (Feruz), estaban en el palacio”
Feruz es Muhammad Rahim Khan II (1845-1910) y fue un gobernante que cultivó la poesía y desarrolló un importante mecenazgo cultural. Estuvo bajo la influencia del Imperio ruso pero a pesar de ello mantuvo una relativa estabilidad y un importante florecimiento cultural. Su poesía está escrita en dialecto turco chagatai, precursor del uzbeko moderno. Hizo importantes esfuerzos por mejorar la educación del pueblo.
Puede sorprender que un gobernante cultive la poesía pero es casi una necesidad en la cultura de Asia Central, como lo fue para Dom Dinis em Portugal y Alfonso X el sabio en Castilla, ambos escritores en gallego (la lengua de la poesía en la Edad Media). La temática que trató Feruz en sus poemas son la belleza y el amor, la compasión, la intercesión de la gracia y la dignidad. Escuchemos a Feruz:
y todo saber en Su poder arde y se ilumina.
Creó los nueve cielos en perfecta armonía
hizo reyes y visires, los eleva y los decrece.
Quien ofrece la paz y los saludos por su Gracia
en la asamblea del Juicio recibe la miel de Su favor .
Como Feruz, no pierdo la esperanza de Tu Gracia,
Una corte literaria en Asia Central es un círculo (una halka) formada por poetas, eruditos, juristas, secretarios, artistas pero son parte del funcionamiento del estado y no un mero entretenimiento. Un día en la corte de Feruz sería algo como lo que sigue:
We were not only visiting the citadel, but also doing some shopping. Armando was trying to show me how to bargain and not let myself be easily taken in. I admit that I find it difficult, but it is almost necessary. Things are no longer what they used to be. Not attempting to bargain in some way is like being too cold—it becomes purely transactional. There is supposed to be something more human and personal involved. In bargaining, one assesses the other person beyond a purely commercial dimension. Armando was a tough negotiator. I found it hard to hold my ground as he did, but he tried to advise me as if I were a child who knows nothing about the world. Perhaps I exaggerate a bit. When Armando managed to lower a price sufficiently, he experienced a kind of intimate satisfaction. I am not sure whether he was more interested in the object itself or in having obtained it at a low price.
But I am not good at bargaining. In the afternoon, I entered a clothing market where only women worked. I wandered there buying a few things, especially a jacket I wanted to take as a gift. That led me into bargaining. I reached an agreement with the woman selling it: in exchange for the jacket, she would give me a small gift. It was actually her proposal, and I accepted. I think I paid in euros, and when she had to give me something in return, she went off and came back with a pair of socks. I looked her in the eyes and said:
—We can’t always win. You can’t offer me this in return. I’ve accepted your price, but you have to give me something better.
I smiled at her as I spoke.
—Sometimes we win, sometimes we lose. We all have to win. It can’t be that only one side wins.
She smiled and asked me to follow her. Then she offered me a soft, beautiful blue shawl. It was a complete change. I felt much better. The offer of the socks had truly disappointed me. Of course, it was not a matter of money. It did not affect me economically—it was rather about having established a certain relationship with the seller. I had trusted her and expected something more in return.
The women around me asked me to buy from them, offering their goods—it is difficult to refuse so many requests, but one must say no, kindly, again and again. But just as I was about to leave, an older woman asked me to take something from her, even if it were just a small scarf. She was next to the one who had offered me the shawl. While one was wrapping my purchases, her companion insisted. I agreed to buy something from her. I noticed it was not about money. It was rather the act of getting something from me—as if it were a kind of superstition, that it would bring her luck. Refusing in that case would have meant breaking something deeper. So I bought a scarf or something similar. It cost about eight euros, but the woman was satisfied and obtained something that held more value for her than money. Not doing so would have made me feel stingy.
There is no worse defect than stinginess. I think it is what I would least like to suffer from, but one must remain vigilant against it because, first, one can be stingy with many things, not only money; second, one can be extorted by that feeling and easily manipulated. The way one can be manipulated is illustrated in a story of Nasruddin, of course. This is a story my grandfather used to tell. The character replacing Nasruddin is a Galician, naturally, and the lawyer is another Galician, Eugenio Montero Ríos, who had been Minister of Grace and Justice at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. Montero Ríos appeared in many of the stories my grandfather told me, which I would later find in collections of the Tales of the incomparable Mullah Nasruddin. Here is the story:
Montero Ríos was a lawyer in Madrid, and a fellow countryman came to him with a rather complicated legal case—as often happens among Galicians. For a small piece of land, things can escalate dramatically. Montero Ríos warned him that the case was very difficult and that it would most likely be lost. Faced with this, the man made a suggestion:
—Don’t you think that if we give the judge a gift, things
might change?
—Don’t even think about it. That would be
disastrous, and you would surely lose. This is a Castilian judge,
very upright. He’s from Valladolid. Any suggestion that he is being
bribed would be your downfall.
—Are you sure?
—Absolutely.
After some time, the judge ruled in favor of the Galician, and Montero Ríos said:
—We have won against all expectations. I really did not expect
this.
—Yes… if it weren’t for the gift —said the
man.
—What? You dared to do such a thing?
—Of
course—but in the other man’s name!
So one must be careful. I think Armando was somewhat surprised at what I had managed to achieve in that exchange. But it was beginner’s luck. At one point, the woman who offered me the shawl said something like “shah-mat” to the one who sold me the scarf. Had she checkmated me, or had I checkmated her? I still do not know. But I hope everything goes well for those women, who had such confidence and independence in life, selling truly beautiful things. Yet a man is extraordinarily weak when he is alone and surrounded by women who are experts in their trade. I think we must watch that inner feeling of being naïve or foolish. But a mixture of frankness and open vulnerability softened their hearts. Or perhaps I was charmed and simply naive—but if so, they did it with such elegance that I raise a toast to them.
At another moment, a vendor from another shop asked me if I was Iranian. I told him I was Spanish, but he insisted—was I not at least of Iranian descent? He was quite convinced I resembled an Iranian. For some reason, I liked that. To feel that I might resemble a Persian is a compliment and a source of pride for me. But I thought that perhaps my connection with Portugal had something to do with a similar sensitivity. During the Muslim period, it was inhabited by many Shiite communities. It may be coincidence, but the sanctuary of Fátima is surrounded by towns that were once Muslim—including Fátima itself, of course. There is something between Jewish and Muslim sensibilities in Portugal that reminds me of the notion of taqiya (the concealment of true beliefs). And then there is the whole poetic sensitivity.
I bought a few tiles from that man, though not many. One has to consider the weight of one’s luggage. One tile bore the name of Allah in blue, as seen in the photo.
We continued among the stalls, looking, buying small items, and of course bargaining. Armando was an expert. I almost felt embarrassed by how inflexible he was in certain situations, but that was surely due to my inexperience. I have to learn to be a tough negotiator—that is the truth. I still have a long way to go. But in Bukhara I will have the chance to advance as a disciple.
We also visited a local museum where the memories of important 19th-century figures were preserved—from Firuz, the poet-ruler of the late 19th century, one of the last Khans of the Khanate of Khiva, to other poets, politicians, writers, religious teachers, and jurists.
Feruz is Muhammad Rahim Khan II (1845–1910), a ruler who cultivated poetry and developed significant cultural patronage. He was under the influence of the Russian Empire, but despite that, he maintained relative stability and a notable cultural flourishing. His poetry is written in the Chagatai Turkish dialect, a precursor of modern Uzbek. He made important efforts to improve the education of the people.
It may seem surprising that a ruler cultivates poetry, but in Central Asian culture it is almost a necessity—just as it was for Dom Dinis in Portugal and Alfonso X the Wise in Castile, both writers in Galician (the language of poetry in the Middle Ages). The themes Feruz addressed in his poems are beauty and love, compassion, the intercession of grace, and dignity. Let us listen to Feruz:
By His wisdom and His life, all things endure,
and all
knowledge burns and shines within His power.
He created the nine
heavens in perfect harmony,
made kings and viziers—He raises
them and lowers them.
He who offers peace and greetings by His grace
will receive
the honey of His favor on the Day of Judgment.
Like Feruz, I do
not lose hope in Your grace—
do not strip me of it; preserve
my faith and my honor.
So let us return to poetry and to adab, which we so deeply miss in a true civilization:
Your charm and your grace need no justification;
with you I
cannot bargain—there is no trade.
And the blind asks for a
reason from the one who says, “I see”
but who could ever
deny, gladly, his own heart?
It is true that there are reasons for Reason,
and there may
be folds when you say, “I believe,”
whether in the believer,
the agnostic, or the atheist
but tell me, who can truly doubt
vision?
Feruz is nothing and no one without his beloved,
yet like a
poor man he attempts a prayer
a poem, a word without logic or
sword.
Feruz humbly asks forgiveness
from Him—and from those who,
for everything or nothing,
suffer the vanity of his ego and his pretension.






















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