Visitando Itchan Kala
Shaj nos guiaba instruyéndonos sobre los diferentes aspectos históricos de la ciudadela. Toda su construcción se realizó durante la consolidación del Janato de Jiva. De modo que las construcciones más relevantes se hicieron durante los siglos XVII a XIX. El Janato surgió después de la desintegración del poder mongol y como una continuidad de este. Representa la tradición turco-mongola de la región.
La invasión mongola de Asia Central fue devastadora, no dejando piedra sobre piedra en muchas ciudades. Comenzó en el siglo XIII causado por un incidente entre el gobernante de Jorezms (Corasmia) y Gengis Jan. Al parecer unos comerciantes mongoles habían sido asesinados en terrritorio de Jorezms por lo que se enviaron emisarios para aclarar el asunto y el gobernante de Joremzs los ejecutó. La respuesta militar que despertó fue devastadora: ciudades aniquiladas, poblaciones masacradas, sistemas de irrigación destruidos. De hecho se dice que Asia Central nunca se llegó a recuperar completamente de l golpe de los mongoles. La región de Joremzs tardó siglos en hacerlo .De hecho afectaron decisivamente a la manera de estructurarse el espacio político y religioso de toda Asia. Los mongoles acabaron adoptando el Islam o el budismo como religiones. Mucha gente no sabe que "Dalai Lama" es un título mongol. lo mismo que Jan.
La ciudadela se divide en varios espacios principales: la mezquita principal, que es el centro espiritual, la madrasa, como centro educativo, el palacio del Jan, como representante del poder político, los minaretes que actúan como señal y llamada, el bazar como centro de la actividad económica y las murallas como protección. Es una estructura muy orgánica donde está todo conectado. Hace muchos años, cuando todavía era un estudiante, leí un libro de un arquitecto americano (pero no recuerdo su nombre) que hacía una dura crítica de la visión moderna de las ciudades. La ciudad moderna se hizo siguiendo un modelo industrial en donde se separaban sus diferentes elementos como si fuesen partes de un mecanismo, con tendencia jerárquica y arborescente, o por lo menos ese era su ideal. En la ciudad tradicional todo es orgánico y con una tendencia reticular, bazar, mezquita, escuela, todo en un mismo contexto y dónde existen muchas posibilidades de un contacto humano rico, vivo.

Shaj y Alex, explicando y traduciendo.
Una cosa que llama la atención es ese contraste entre el color arena y los azulejos de color azul turquesa. Es como si la ciudad estuviese impregnada del azul cielo, como si el cielo y la tierra se tocasen. Es la presencia del agua sobre la tierra. Los colores, la altitud de los minaretes, lo imponente de los edificios muestran continuamente una conexión entre lo vertical y lo horizontal.
También visitamos un museo local donde pudimos ver fotografías de finales del S. XIX e importantes figuras locales representadas en cera. Retratos de poetas y literatos importantes para la cultura local (dedicaré una entrada a todo ello).Ni siquiera la promulgación de normas o leyes estaba exenta de la presencia poética. Muchos códigos están expresados de esta manera en la cultura kazaja. El valor de la palabra en toda su amplitud es una característica esencial de la civilización y me recuerda también a la cultura griega cuando Solón de Atenas (uno de sus siete sabios fundadores) dejó su poema Eunomía (literalmente, la buena norma, la buena ley). No nos tomamos en serio lo poético pero es la esencia de la comprensión. No niega lo prosaico de la existencia, simplemente la vivifica.
Así pues, quizá sea bueno despedirse con un poema hoy y darle un grano de sal a este entrada.
Itchan Kala means “inner city” and is the heart of Khiva. As I mentioned in the previous entry, its construction as we know it today is relatively modern (between the 16th and 19th centuries). We got up very early to visit the most important sites, and the mist still lingered, with the sun appearing as if behind smoked glass. Little by little it dissipated, giving way to a clear and clean sky. Yes—the sky was regaining its health.
Shaj guided us, explaining the different historical aspects of the citadel. Its entire construction took place during the consolidation of the Khanate of Khiva, so the most significant buildings date from the 17th to the 19th centuries. The khanate emerged after the disintegration of Mongol power and represents its continuation—a reflection of the region’s Turco-Mongol tradition.
The Mongol invasion of Central Asia was devastating, leaving no stone standing in many cities. It began in the 13th century, triggered by an incident between the ruler of Khwarezm and Genghis Khan. Apparently, Mongol merchants had been killed in Khwarezmian territory. Envoys were sent to clarify the situation, but the ruler had them executed. The military response was catastrophic: cities annihilated, populations massacred, irrigation systems destroyed. It is said that Central Asia never fully recovered from the Mongol blow, and the region of Khwarezm took centuries to do so. In fact, the invasion decisively shaped the political and religious structure of Asia. The Mongols themselves eventually adopted Islam or Buddhism. Many people do not know that “Dalai Lama” is a Mongol title—just like “Khan.”
There we were, listening to the stories Shaj told us about Itchan Kala. He explained, for example, how the flattened minaret was intended to reach about 80 meters but ended up at around 30. A 19th-century ruler wanted to build a minaret so tall that Bukhara could be seen from its summit. But death overtook him when it had reached only 29 meters. Its great width comes from that original calculation—one that did not take death into account. The minaret was never completed because later rulers did not want to assume a project that would be overshadowed by the memory of another. And so we see how human ego drives us both to act and not to act. We all want the merit, but as the saying goes: “the merit belongs to God.”
The citadel is divided into several main spaces: the main mosque as the spiritual center, the madrasa as the educational center, the khan’s palace as the seat of political power, the minarets as signals and calls, the bazaar as the center of economic activity, and the walls as protection. It is a very organic structure where everything is connected. Many years ago, when I was still a student, I read a book by an American architect (whose name I can no longer recall) who sharply criticized the modern vision of cities. The modern city was built according to an industrial model, separating its elements as if they were parts of a machine, with a hierarchical, tree-like structure—or at least that was the ideal. In the traditional city, everything is organic, networked: bazaar, mosque, school—all within the same context, offering countless possibilities for rich and living human contact.
One striking feature is the contrast between the sandy tones and the turquoise blue tiles. It is as if the city were infused with the color of the sky, as if heaven and earth were touching. It is the presence of water upon the land. The colors, the height of the minarets, the imposing buildings—all continuously express a connection between the vertical and the horizontal.
We also visited a local museum where we saw late 19th-century photographs and wax representations of important local figures—portraits of poets and writers central to the culture. Even the promulgation of laws was not devoid of poetic presence. Many codes in Kazakh culture are expressed in this way. The value of the word, in its full depth, is an essential feature of civilization, and it reminds me of Greek culture, when Solon of Athens (one of its seven founding sages) composed his poem Eunomia (“good order,” “good law”). We do not take the poetic seriously, yet it is the essence of understanding. It does not deny the prosaic nature of existence—it brings it to life.
So perhaps it is fitting to close today with a poem, adding a grain of salt to this entry:
Your skin is like the sands of Khiva,
the light of
your eyes, turquoise blue;
you seem, however,
elusive,
yet make us forget… what weighs us down.
You are of light, light and proud,
serious,
yet playful too;
you laugh at what enchants us,
and
at what the heart holds onto.
You believe in neither this nor that,
yet
you seem to incline
toward a love born from a strand of
hair.
You say nothing, promise nothing, refuse
nothing,
you send signs that guide the camel,
freeing
it from ambushes and mines.













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